Research on historical evolution of Combretum indicum / 药学实践杂志

Combretum indicum can kill insects and benefit the spleen and stomach, which is the most important medicine to treat children's diseases. The classics of materia medica, calendar edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, local processing standards and related literature were reviewed to sort out the processing history of Combretum indicum, compare the ancient medicinal parts and processing methods, and summarize the inclusion in national and local standards. The history of the evolution of Combretum indicum was summarized in order to provide ideas for rational drug use in clinical and standard improvement.

Textual Research on Trionycis Carapax / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Trionycis Carapax is a commonly used Chinese medicine in clinical practice. Modern research on Trionycis Carapax mainly focuses on experimental research and clinical observation， which has been rarely reported in the literature. Based on the literature on medicinal herbs， medical books， prescriptions of all dynasties， this study carried out systematic textual research on the historical evolution and changes of the name， origin， producing areas， quality， efficacy， indications， processing methods， and contraindications of the Trionycis Carapax. As revealed by the textual analysis， the origin of Trionycis Carapax is Trionyx sinensis， and the carapace of T. steindachneri is not suitable for the preparation of Trionycis Carapax. The genuine producing areas of Trionycis Carapax include Yueyang， Jingzhou， southeast Anhui， and western Jiangsu in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river. Regarding the quality， the number of ribs of Trionycis Carapax， such as seven ribs and nine ribs， is often used as the quality evaluation standard in ancient Chinese herbal books. However， through literature research and field inspections on the medicinal material markets， it is not advisable to take rib number as a quality evaluation criterion in modern times. With the change of the times， the efficacy and indications of Trionycis Carapax have gradually expanded on the basis of Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica （Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing）， and later generations widely apply it in internal medicine， surgery， gynecology， pediatrics， etc. It should be noted that the treatment of labor heat and bone steaming by Trionycis Carapax is derived from Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica， not Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs （Yao Xing Lun） mentioned in ancient books such as Amplification on Materia Medica （Ben Cao Yan Yi）. The processing methods of Trionycis Carapax are diverse， which are dominated by traditional vinegar processing. In terms of contraindications， Trionycis Carapax should not be compatible with bauxite and marble and is contraindicated in pregnant women. Those with spleen deficiency， weak stomach， and liver deficiency without heat should use it with caution. This study is expected to provide the basis for radical reform and further development and clinical utilization of Trionycis Carapax.

Herbal Textual Research on Astragali Radix in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Through consulting the ancient herbal medicine， prescription books and medical books， combined with modern relevant literature， standards and other information， this paper made a textual research on the name， origin， producing areas， harvesting and processing methods of Astragali Radix according to different historical development periods， providing a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing Astragali Radix. According to the textual research， the original name of Astragali Radix is Huangqi， and "Qi" originally refers to the medicinal material Zhimu. Some people began to mistake it for Huangqi in the Ming dynasty， and then gradually used Astragali Radix as a medicinal material. The mainstream basis of Astragali Radix can be determined as the dried roots of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus or A. membranaceus. In different historical periods， A. floridus， A. chrysopterus， A. emestii and other plants of Astragalus or even non-Astragalus were used as local Astragali Radix. The earliest production areas of Astragali Radix were Sichuan， Shaanxi， and Gansu， and then gradually expanded to the northeast. Since the Song dynasty， Mianqi in Shanxi province has been regarded as the genuine variety. In the Qing dynasty， besides Shanxi province， Inner Mongolia was also regarded as a genuine place. In the Republic of China， Huangqi produced in northeast China was praised highly. It is mainly produced in Shanxi， Inner Mongolia， Gansu， northeast and other provinces. The main commodity is cultivated products， and the quality of wild imitation cultivation in Datong and Xinzhou is better than other places. There are many processing methods of Huangqi recorded in the materia medica and prescription books， most of which are raw products， and honey processing is the mainstream of processed products. Based on the current situation of resource cultivation and production， 11 famous classical formulas in The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas （The First Batch） containing Huangqi suggested that all use A. membranaceus var. mongholicus， especially those from Datong and Xinzhou in Shanxi Province. In addition to honey processing of Qingxin Lianziyin， it is suggested to use raw products for other formulas.

Herbal Textual Research on Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Based on the ancient literature of all dynasties， this article makes a systematic textual research on the name， origin， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex used in the famous classical formulas， and clarifies its information of each link in different historical periods， so as to provide a reference and basis for the development and utilization of the related formulas. The results showed that the main varieties of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex were Magnolia officinalis or M. officinalis var. biloba. The main production areas are Hubei， Sichuan， Chongqing and other places， forming the famous authentic medicine. The processing methods of the past dynasties are mainly cleansing and processing with ginger. In the formulas clearly marked with ginger processing， ginger-processed products is suggested to choose. If not clearly marked， raw or ginger-processed products can be used as needed.

Herbal Textual Research on Scrophulariae Radix in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In this paper， the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods of Scrophulariae Radix used in the famous classical formulas were researched by consulting related ancient materia medica， medical books and prescription books. The results showed that the name of Scrophulariae Radix originated from its shape and color. Scrophularia ningpoensis， one of the eight flavors of Zhejiang， has been highly praised in the past as a genuine base， and its authentic production area is Zhejiang. Quality of Scrophulariae Radix is best if it has a dry body， thin skin， thick branches， firm physique， black inner color， net basal part of stem， and no fine whiskers. In ancient times， the origin processing was divided into two types， including sun-dried after steaming and directly sun-dried. While it mostly used a combination of drying and sweating in modern times. Before the Ming dynasty， the processing of Scrophulariae Radix was mainly steamed. Occasionally， the stir-frying appeared. In the Ming dynasty and after the Ming dynasty， wine processing emerged such as hot wine mixed roasting， wine washing， wine steaming， because the ancients believed that wine could enhance its efficacy and reduce its cold property. In the Qing dynasty， the method of steaming and baking appeared in the water and fire system. According to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， the processing of Scrophulariae Radix includes removing rhizome residues and impurities， washing， moistening， cutting into thin slices， and drying， or soaking slightly， steaming thoroughly， drying slightly， cutting into thin slices， and drying. Referring to the relevant national documents， it is suggested that raw products of Scrophulariae Radix should be used in Liangditang and Simiao Yong′antang.

Herbal Textual Research on Dendrobii Caulis in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Through consulting the ancient herbal and medical books， combined with the field investigation， the name， origin， collection and processing of Dendrobium medicinal materials were researched， which provided a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing this kind of herbs. Due to the wide distribution of D. officinale， the Dendrobium species represented by D. officinale and D. huoshanense， which are short， fleshy and rich in mucus， should be the most mainstream of Dendrobium medicinal materials in previous dynasties. Compared with Shihu， Muhu with loose texture， long and hollow is born on trees. According to the characteristic description， it should be D. nobile， D. fimbriatum and so on， of which D. nobile was the mainstream. The Chinese meaning of Jinchai was confused in the past dynasties， so it was not suitable to be treated as a plant name. The production areas of Dendrobium medicinal materials in the past dynasties have changed with the discovery of varieties， artificial cultivation and other factors. Lu'an， Anhui province， was the earliest recorded in the Han and Wei dynasties. Since the Tang and Song dynasties， it had been extended to Guangdong and Guangxi， and it was considered that "Dendrobii Caulis in Guangnan was the best". In the Ming dynasty， Sichuan and Zhejiang products were highly praised， and in the Qing dynasty， Huoshan products were highly praised. Dendrobium medicinal materials had been used as medicine by stems in all dynasties. The medicinal materials were divided into fresh products and dry products. The fresh products can be used immediately after removing the sediment from the roots. The dry products need further processing， most of them used wine as auxiliary materials for steaming， simmer to paste or decoction into medicine. D. officinale and D. huoshanense have special processing specifications since the middle of Qing dynasty， that is， "Fengdou". According to the research results， in Ganluyin， the effect of Dendrobium medicinal materials is mainly heat clearing， and D. nobile with bitter taste can be selected. The main effect of Dendrobium medicinal materials in Dihuang Yinzi is tonic， D. officinale or D. huoshanense can be selected.

Herbal Textual Research on Armeniacae Semen Amarum in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicines and medical books， the textual research of Armeniacae Semen Amarum has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing changes. Through textual research， Shennong Bencaojing began to contain Xinghe. After Xinxiu Bencao， Xingheren were gradually taken as the mainstream name， Xingren was first used as the correct name since Leigong Paozhilun， and gradually became the mainstream rectifying in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Before the Qing dynasty， there was no distinction between Armeniacae Semen Amarum and Armeniacae Semen Dulcis in the materia medica works， while the differences between them were clearly defined in some works of the Qing dynasty， but did not record them separately. In order to make them more accurate in clinical application， Armeniacae Semen Amarum was recorded as the correct name in the 1953 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， and Armeniacae Semen Dulcis was included in the provincial standards. The original plants of Armeniacae Semen Amarum from Prunus armeniaca （Armeniaca vulgaris in Flora of China） and its cultivated varieties with bitter seeds were taken as the mainstream， which are reflected in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Its yellow ripe fruit was generally harvested in May， the seed kernel was taken out for drying or baking， finally the seed coat was removed to use. It is recorded that the production area of Armeniacae Semen Amarum is Taihang Mountain area of Shanxi province in ancient times. At present， its producing area is mainly concentrated in Shanxi， Shandong， Hebei and other places in north China. Historical literature pointed out that Armeniacae Semen Amarum had small toxicity， and heat treatment could reduce toxicity and increase efficiency， its main processing method was blanching and stir-frying. In addition， it is generally believed that raw products with seed coat can enhance its sweating effect since the Ming and Qing dynasties. Until now， three processed products are stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia， namely raw products， boiled and fried products. Based on textual research， it is recommended that A. vulgaris should be used as the original plant of Armeniacae Semen Amarum in famous classical formulas， and the use of processed products should follow the processing requirements marked in the formulas.

Herbal Textual Research on Morindae Officinalis Radix in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting ancient herbal medicines， medical and prescription books， combined with modern documents， the textual research of Morindae Officinalis Radix has been conducted to verify the name， origin， changes in production areas， quality evaluation， harvesting， and processing methods， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of the famous classical formulas. After textual research， the production areas of Morindae Officinalis Radix has experienced great changes from north to south in history. The original plants involve 11 families， 14 genera and 21 species， and the mainstream varieties in ancient times were Damnacanthus officinarum and D. indicus， and the basis of Morindae Officinalis Radix in modern times has changed into the dry roots of Morinda officinalis produced in Guangdong province and other places. The medicinal parts of Morindae Officinalis Radix in ancient and modern times are all roots， and the quality is better if it has many beads， thick flesh， and purple color. Ancient medical books recorded that it was usually harvested in February and August， dried in the shade， and used to remove the wood core. And the modern harvesting and processing method is to dig throughout the year， first remove the fibrous roots， dry in the sun until 60%-70% dry， gently beat flatten and dry in the sun. The processing methods of the past dynasties are mainly salt-， vinegar-， wine-processed， etc. Based on the systematic research of Morindae Officinalis Radix， from the perspective of clinical experience and safety and effectiveness， it is recommended that the famous classical formulas should be developed from the mainstream variety since modern times， namely Morindae Officinalis Radix.

Herbal Textual Research on Arecae Semen in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In this paper， the name， origin， changes of producing area， medicinal parts， quality evaluation and processing methods of Arecae Semen in the famous classical formulas by consulting related herbal medicines， medical books and prescription books. The results showed that the names of Arecae Semen in the past dynasties were mostly derived from its shape， efficacy and producing area. The main base of the past generations was Areca catechu， the medicinal parts were its seeds （Arecae Semen） and pericarps （Arecae Pericarpium）. Arecae Semen is produced in Hainan province of China. Since modern times， it has been concluded that the best quality is large， heavy， firm， and unbreakable. The main processing methods of Arecae Semen in the past dynasties were netting， cutting and frying. Therefore， it is suggested that Arecae Semen should be used in Dayuanyin. If the processing requirements of Arecae Semen are not clearly indicated， it can be processed according to raw products in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Herbal Textual Research on Cyperi Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In this paper， the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvest and processing methods of Cyperi Rhizoma used in the famous classical formulas are researched by consulting related herbal medicines， medical books， modern documents. The results showed that although some fake products such as Cyperus stoloniferus and Scirpus plants were used as Cyperi Rhizoma， the main source in the past generations is still C. rotundus. It is recommended to use C. rotundus in the famous classical formulas. Since the Tang dynasty， Guangdong， Guangxi and Zhejiang have always been high-quality production areas of Cyperi Rhizoma. Among them， those from western Guangdong are known as Guangxiangfu， Nanxiangfu is produced in Zhejiang province. Since the modern times， the quality of Cyperi Rhizoma is best if it has a big， firm physique and strong fragrant. The common processing method is vinegar processing. It is suggested that raw materials should be used as medicine in the famous classical formulas which do not clearly indicate the processing requirements， and different processed products should be selected according to the formulas with the processing requirements.

Herbal Textual Research on Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In this paper， through consulting relevant records in materia medica， medical and prescription books， and combining with modern literature， the name， origin， producing area， collection and processing of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix in famous classical formulas from The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas （The First Batch） was systematically sorted out and textual research was carried out， in order to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing Gentianae macrophyllae Radix. After textual research， it was found that Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix was the rectification of name in the past dynasties. In addition， there were other names such as Qinjiao， Qingua and Qinzhua. Gentiana macrophylla， G. straminea， G. dahurica and G. siphonantha were the main origin of this herb in ancient literature. Among them， G. macrophylla is the mainstream. In the Southern and Northern dynasties， G. straminea and G. macrophylla produced in northern Sichuan were recommended as the best. In the early Tang dynasty， G. macrophylla from the Liupan Mountain area at the border of Shanxi and Gansu provinces was the mainstream. During the Northern Song dynasty， G. siphonantha from Linxia and Qilian Mountain of Gansu province and G. macrophylla from eastern Shaanxi province were two new producing areas. In the Ming and Qing dynasties， the abundant base and production areas of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix were gradually formed. In the past dynasties， harvesting was carried out in spring and autumn， and stored mainly by aeration drying or shade drying treatment. The processing methods are mainly the raw products after the net selection， cutting and drying， in addition to the frying， processing with wine and milk. G. macrophylla is recommended as the first choice for the herbal medicine involved in the famous classical formulas. Among them， wild products produced in Gansu and Shaanxi are the best， and raw products are recommended to be used. At the same time， it is suggested that G. siphonantha should be added to the subsequent edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia as one of origins of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix.

Herbal Textual Research on Violae Herba in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By referring to the relevant ancient herbal literature， medical records and prescription books， the textual research of Violae Herba has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation and processing method changes. The results showed that the name of Zihua Diding originated from its flower color and plant morphological characteristics. The primitive plant of Violae Herba is Viola genus of Violaceae， V. yedoensis， as stipulated in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， has been the mainstream in past dynasties of China. Violae Herba is mainly wild， and it is widely distributed throughout the country. Since modern times， the quality of Violae Herba is better with integrity， green color and yellow root. There are few records on the harvesting and processing methods of Violae Herba in ancient times， most of which are directly used after drying. It is suggested that the collection and processing methods of Violae Herba in the famous classical formulas can be implemented in accordance with the provisions of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Herbal Textual Research on Myrrha in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In order to provide the basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing Myrrha， the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvest and processing of Myrrha were systematically researched by consulting the ancient herbal and medical books， combining with the modern related literature. According to textual research， the results showed that Commiphora myrrha was the main base in ancient times， which was produced in Somalia， Ethiopia and northern Kenya. In addition， raw and fried products of Myrrha were the commonly used specifications in ancient herbal medicine， which are still used today. Nowadays， Myrrha， fried Myrrha and vinegar-processed Myrrha were the commonly used specifications. Among the three specifications， Myrrha is the raw products after cleaning， fried Myrrha is a kind of processed products， which has relevant records in ancient materia medica and is still used today. Vinegar-processed Myrrha is a new processing specification in modern times. Based on the research results， it is suggested that Myrrha in Shentong Zhuyutang should be the purified raw Myrrha in accordance with the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Herbal Textual Research on Ephedrae Herba in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Ephedrae Herba is a commonly used medicine for dispersing wind and cold， which has a long medicinal history. By referring to the herbal literature， medical books and prescription books， this paper intends to carry out herbal textual research on the name， origin， medicinal part， producing area， harvesting and processing methods of Ephedrae Herba in famous classical formulas， in order to provide the basis for the development of relevant famous classical formulas. According to textual research， the main base of ancient Ephedrae Herba was Ephedra sinica. The medicinal part is the herbaceous stems of Ephedrae Herba. Before the Northern and Southern dynasties， the origin of the records was Jindi and Hedong， which is now Shanxi province. In the Northern and Southern dynasties and later generations， the producing area expanded， and now it is mainly distributed in Hebei， Shanxi， Shaanxi， Inner Mongolia， Gansu， Liaoning and other places， among which Inner Mongolia is the main producing area. The harvesting and processing methods in the past dynasties are to harvest the stems in autumn， dry them in the shade or air to 70%-80% dry， and then dry them in the sun. The processing methods in the past dynasties mainly include removing the knots， wine-fried， honey-fried， processing with vinegar and so on， at present， only honey-fried is still in use. Based on the research results， it is suggested that Ephedrae Herba in famous classical formulas should be selected the dry herbaceous stems of E. sinica. If the processing requirements are not indicated， it is suggested to use raw products of Ephedrae Herba.

Textual Research on Nelumbinis in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The name， origin， place of origin， medicinal parts， harvesting and processing of lotus are verified by consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicines and medical books， combined with modern literature， providing a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing lotus. According to textual research， the original base of lotus is Nelumbo nucifera since ancient times， rhizome （Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Nodus）， leaf （Nelumbinis Folium）， seed （Nelumbinis Semen）， embryo （Nelumbinis Plumula）， receptacle （Nelumbinis Receptaculum）， stamen （Nelumbinis Stamen） and other medicinal parts of N. nucifera can be used as medicine and have different clinical effects. Nelumbinis Semen was originally produced in Henan， and then gradually expanded to Jiangnan. Today， it can be cultivated and planted throughout the country， with Fujian， Hunan， and Jiangxi as the authentic production areas. After combing the medicinal parts of N. nucifera and the historical evolution of its processing， it is suggested that the dried and mature fruits of N. nucifera taking in autumn and removing the shell and Nelumbinis Plumula should be used in Qingxin Lianziyin. Nelumbinis Folium in Erdongtang should be harvested in summer and autumn， and the raw products was used as medicine and processed in accordance with the provision of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Views on Key Technical Problems in Research and Development of Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In this paper， the key technical problems in the research and development of famous classical formulas are analyzed. Firstly， the puzzled problem for a long-time， which is conversion relationship from medicinal metrology of Han dynasty （HD） to that of modern （gram，g）， is comprehensively expounded that one Liang （两） of HD=3 g is more appropriate. Secondly， the model and principles of quality consistency evaluation are given for the transformation from the quality of authoritative basic sample prepared by casserole （ABS-C） to the quality consistency in Laboratory process， pilot-scale process and industrial production. The consistency evaluation model is ξABS-X=K1（Q1ABS-X/Q1ABS-C）+K2（Q2ABS-X/Q2ABS-C）+……+Ki（QiABS-X/QiABS-C）=∑Ki（QiABS-X/QiABS-C）（i=1，2，3……n）. In the formula， ABS-X means laboratory reference sample ABS-C （ABS-L）， pilot-scale ABS-C （ABS-mP） or industrial production ABS-C （ABS-P）， ξABS-X means the quality consistency rate or similarity degree of ABS-L， ABS-mP and ABS-P processes with ABS-C， Ki means the weight of each quality evaluation index （i）， QiABS-X is the data of i in ABS-L， ABS-mP， ABS-P samples， and QiABS-C is the data （or mean） of i in ABS-C sample. Thirdly， in order to control the quality of the herbal medicines whose active ingredients were unknown， their chemical constituents should be studied deeply， and if necessary， the bioassay research should be carried out according to the main efficacy or indication of famous classical formulas. Finally， for the special processing of some herbal medicines， it is difficult to formulate the processing method， technology and standard of prepared slices. It is suggested that the scientific connotation and historical evolution of the special processing method should be thoroughly sorted out， and its technological characteristics are summarized， the modern processing technology and production processes are simulated， and then the corresponding processing methods and quality standards are formulated.

Processing evolution,chemical components and pharmacological effects of Bufonis Venenum / 中国中药杂志

Bufonis Venenum,the dried secretion of Bufo bufo gargarizans or B. melanostictus,is toxic and hard with the efficacy of removing toxicity for detumescence and relieving pain. The processing of Bufonis Venenum dates back to the Song dynasty. In addition to the wine-processing,milk-processing and talcum powder-processing,there were some other kinds of processing methods in ancient times,such as baking,calcining,water-soaking and vinegar-processing. Modern studies have shown that the Bufonis Venenum has the main chemical components of bufadienolides,indole alkaloids sterols,and other compounds. It has the pharmacological effects of antitumor,cardiac,antibacterial,and analgesic activities,local anesthesia,and so on. This paper reviews the processing evolution,chemical components and pharmacological effects of Bufonis Venenum,providing references for its special processing and modern research as well as the theoretical basis for the research on its processing mechanism and quality control.

Efeito da sequência de processamento durante a fabricação de instrumentos endodônticos Niti em suas propriedades mecânicas / Effect of the processing sequence during the manufacture of niti endodontic instruments on their mechanical properties

As características geométricas e técnicas de fabricação das limas endodônticas afetam o desempenho clínico e sua resistência à fratura, flexibilidade e outras propriedades. Um parâmetro muito explorado na Endodontia é a utilização de tratamentos térmicos, que promovem um aumento na resistência à fadiga e flexibilidade destes materiais. Neste estudo pretendeu-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes processos de tratamento térmico/usinagem nas propriedades físicas, flexibilidade, resistência torcional e à fadiga flexural dos instrumentos Prodesign Logic (PDL), verificando se a sequência de processamento dos instrumentos levaria a comportamentos mecânicos diferentes. Este sistema é fabricado a partir de um método inovador que envolve a realização do tratamento térmico para obtenção de memória de forma no fio NiTi anteriormente à usinagem. A hipótese nula a ser testada é que o momento de aplicação dos procedimentos de tratamento térmico e usinagem não afetariam as propriedades físicas e mecânicas de instrumentos endodônticos de NiTi. Para grupos de comparação, foram utilizados protótipos de instrumentos com as mesmas características geométricas e dimensionais, sendo um grupo de instrumentos sem tratamento térmico aplicado (SEP) e outro com o tratamento térmico realizado de forma convencional, após a usinagem do instrumento (HTP). Foram realizadas caracterização física e microestrutural com ensaios de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e testes de difratometria de Raios-X (DRX), além de ensaios mecânicos divididos em testes de torção, dobramento em 45 e resistência à fadiga flexural. Os resultados mostraram que macroscopicamente não houve nenhuma alteração importante nas características dos três grupos de instrumentos, exceto mudanças de cor devido a diferentes sequências de processamento. Os resultados de DSC mostraram que à temperatura ambiente a liga é principalmente austenítica no grupo SEP e que após o tratamento térmico realizado nos grupos PDL e HTP, houve uma mudança nas temperaturas de transformação, com um aumento da temperatura de Af e predominância da liga NiTi em fase R. Os resultados de XDR confirmaram os achados do DSC. As diferenças nos parâmetros medidos entre diferentes tipos de instrumentos nos ensaios de resistência torcional, dobramento a 45º e fadiga flexural foi sempre considerada com um nível de significância de 95%. Os resultados para os ensaios de flexão mostraram que o grupo HTP mostrou-se o mais flexível, com os mais baixos valores de momento de dobramento, seguido por PDL e SEP. Nos resultados dos ensaios de torção foi possível observar que SEP apresentou valores mais altos de torque seguido por PDL e HTP (p<.05). Os ensaios de resistência à fadiga mostraram valores médios de NCF maiores para HTP, seguido por PDL e SEP. Entretanto, um pior comportamento do PDL só seria evidenciado clinicamente se os instrumentos fossem usados um número de vezes maior do que o recomendado pelo fabricante. Pode-se concluir que alterar o processo de fabricação dos instrumentos endodônticos, invertendo-se as etapas de usinagem e tratamento térmico, levou, de fato, a uma mudança no comportamento mecânico de instrumentos Prodesign Logic em relação aos prótótipos.

The geometric characteristics and manufacturing techniques of endodontic instruments affect clinical performance, fracture resistance, flexibility and other properties. A parameter widely explored in Endodontics is the use of heat treatments, which promote an increase in the resistance to fatigue and flexibility of these materials. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different heat treatment / machining processes on the physical properties, flexibility, torsional strength and flexural fatigue of Prodesign Logic (PDL) instruments, verifying whether the processing sequence of the instruments would lead to different mechanical behaviors. This system is manufactured using an innovative method that involves performing thermal treatment to obtain shape memory in the NiTi wire prior to machining. The null hypothesis to be tested is that the moment of application of the heat treatment and machining procedures would not affect the physical and mechanical properties of NiTi endodontic instruments. For comparison groups, instrument prototypes with the same geometric and dimensional characteristics were used, being one group of instruments without thermal treatment applied (SEP) and another with thermal treatment carried out in a conventional manner, after machining the instrument (HTP). Physical and microstructural characterization were performed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) tests, in addition to mechanical tests divided into torsion tests, 45° bending and resistance to flexural fatigue. The results showed that macroscopically there were no major change in the characteristics of the three groups of instruments, except for color changes due to different processing sequences. The DSC results showed that at room temperature the alloy is mainly austenitic in the SEP group and that after the heat treatment carried out in the PDL and HTP groups, there was a change in the transformation temperatures, with an increase in the Af temperature and predominance of the NiTi alloy in phase R. The XRD results confirmed the DSC findings. Differences in the parameters measured between different types of instruments in the tests of torsional resistance, bending at 45º and flexural fatigue were always considered with a significance level of 95%. The results for the flexibility tests showed that the HTP group proved to be the most flexible, with the lowest values, followed by PDL and SEP. In the results of the torsion tests it was possible to observe that SEP presented higher values of torque followed by PDL and HTP (p <.05). Fatigue resistance tests showed higher mean NCF values for HTP, followed by PDL and SEP. However, a worse behavior of the PDL would only be evidenced clinically if the instruments were used several times greater than that recommended by the manufacturer. It can be concluded that changing the manufacturing process of endodontic instruments, inverting the machining and heat treatment steps, led, in fact, to a change in the mechanical behavior of Prodesign Logic instruments in relation to the prototypes.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of different Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum / 中草药

Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum has a long medicinal history in China and is often used as a tonic Chinese medicine. Because of the complex provenances, various specifications and unclear efficacy substance, the industry of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum lacks corresponding quality standards. The paper summarizes the research progress of chemical composition and pharmacological effects of different provenances, different growth stages, different forms, different processing methods, different parts of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum and provides reference for the in-depth application of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum in medical and functional food industries.

Comparison on Volatile Oil Content and Chemical Constituents Among Different Parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong and Pieces with Different Processing Methods / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To compare the difference of the content of volatile oil and the total relative percentage of phthalein compounds in volatile oil among different parts about Ligusticum chuanxiong, or among different decoction pieces with different processing methods. Method::Steam distillation was used(in the extraction of volatile oil.The chemical constituents of the volatile oil were identified by GC-MS analysis, and relative content of each component was determined by normalization method. Result::The contents of volatile oil in different parts were obviously different, and the order of the contents from high to low was rhizome(1.12%)>fibrous root(0.75%)>aerial part(0.41%). The GC-MS analysis similar compounds find in the three different volatile oils, and the order of total relative percentages of phthalein compounds from high to low was roots(83.29%)>rhizomes(44.5%)>aerial part(39.95%). On the other hand, the volatile oil content of three different Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces with different processing methods was C(0.87%)>A(0.75%)>B(0.7%). The total relative percentages of phthalein compounds analyzed by GC-MS was C(79.14%)>A(73.09%)>B(67.29%). Conclusion::The content of phthalein compounds in the volatile oil of fibrous root was higher than that of rhizome, thus it can be appropriately used.The volatile oil content and chemical composition of different Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces were significantly different.The content of volatile oil and phthalein compounds in fresh-cut Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces were the most high, thus fresh-cutting can be used as a new processing method for Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces.